Thirty-Day readmissions among COVID-19 patients hospitalized during the early pandemic in the United States: Insights from the Nationwide Readmissions Database.

BACKGROUND: Hospital readmissions are core indicators of the quality of health care provision. OBJECTIVE: To understand factors associated with 30-day, all-cause hospital readmission rate for patients with COVID-19 in the United States during the early pandemic by utilizing the Nationwide Readmissions Database. METHODS: This retrospective study characterized the 30-day, all-cause hospital readmission rate for patients with COVID-19 in the United States during the early pandemic by utilizing the Nationwide Readmissions Database. RESULTS: The 30-day, all-cause hospital readmission rate in this population was 3.2%. We found the most common diagnoses at readmission to be sepsis, acute kidney injury, and pneumonia. Chronic alcoholic liver cirrhosis and congestive heart failure were prominent predictors of readmission among patients with COVID-19. Moreover, we found that younger patients and patients from economically disadvantaged backgrounds were at higher risk of 30-day readmission. Acute complications during index hospitalization, including acute coronary syndrome, congestive heart failure, acute kidney injury, mechanical ventilation, and renal replacement therapy, also increased the risk of 30-day readmission for patients with COVID-19. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of our study, we advise clinicians to promptly recognize patients with COVID-19 who are at high risk of readmission, and to subsequently manage their underlying comorbidities, to institute timely discharge planning, and to allocate resources to underprivileged patients in order to decrease the risk of 30-day hospital readmissions.

COVID-19 and Clostridioides difficile Coinfection Outcomes among Hospitalized Patients in the United States: An Insight from National Inpatient Database.

The incidence of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) has been increasing compared to pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels. The COVID-19 infection and CDI relationship can be affected by gut dysbiosis and poor antibiotic stewardship. As the COVID-19 pandemic transitions into an endemic stage, it has become increasingly important to further characterize how concurrent infection with both conditions can impact patient outcomes. We performed a retrospective cohort study utilizing the 2020 NIS Healthcare Cost Utilization Project (HCUP) database with a total of 1,659,040 patients, with 10,710 (0.6%) of those patients with concurrent CDI. We found that patients with concurrent COVID-19 and CDI had worse outcomes compared to patients without CDI including higher in-hospital mortality (23% vs. 13.4%, aOR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.12-1.5, p = 0.01), rates of in-hospital complications such as ileus (2.7% vs. 0.8%, p < 0.001), septic shock (21.0% vs. 7.2%, aOR: 2.3, 95% CI: 2.1-2.6, p < 0.001), length of stay (15.1 days vs. 8 days, p < 0.001) and overall cost of hospitalization (USD 196,012 vs. USD 91,162, p < 0.001). Patients with concurrent COVID-19 and CDI had increased morbidity and mortality, and added significant preventable burden on the healthcare system. Optimizing hand hygiene and antibiotic stewardship during in-hospital admissions can help to reduce worse outcomes in this population, and more efforts should be directly made to reduce CDI in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection.

COVID-19 and Fulminant Clostridium difficile Colitis Co-Infection.

The development of Clostridium difficile infection in COVID-19 patients is an understudied complication of the disease. Herein, we present the case of a 46-year-old man who developed severe healthcare-associated C. difficile infection leading to toxic megacolon and perforation in the setting of COVID-19 infection. It is important to continue to follow guidelines regarding antibiotics in healthcare settings to prevent such complications. LEARNING POINTS: Co-infection with Clostridium difficile and COVID-19 leads to poor outcomes with high mortality.C. difficile infection should be ruled out in COVID-19 patients who develop diarrhoea on antibiotic therapy.We should continue to follow the established guidelines of antimicrobial stewardship and remain vigilant for unexpected adverse effects.

COVID-19 and Heart Failure with Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fraction Clinical Outcomes among Hospitalized Patients in the United States.

Heart failure exacerbations impart significant morbidity and mortality, however, large- scale studies assessing outcomes in the setting of concurrent coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) are limited. We utilized National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database to compare clinical outcomes in patients admitted with acute congestive heart failure exacerbation (CHF) with and without COVID-19 infection. A total of 2,101,980 patients (Acute CHF without COVID-19 (n = 2,026,765 (96.4%) and acute CHF with COVID-19 (n = 75,215, 3.6%)) were identified. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was utilized to compared outcomes and were adjusted for age, sex, race, income level, insurance status, discharge quarter, Elixhauser co-morbidities, hospital location, teaching status and bed size. Patients with acute CHF and COVID-19 had higher in-hospital mortality compared to patients with acute CHF alone (25.78% vs. 5.47%, adjust OR (aOR) 6.3 (95% CI 6.05-6.62, p < 0.001)) and higher rates of vasopressor use (4.87% vs. 2.54%, aOR 2.06 (95% CI 1.86-2.27, p < 0.001), mechanical ventilation (31.26% vs. 17.14%, aOR 2.3 (95% CI 2.25-2.44, p < 0.001)), sudden cardiac arrest (5.73% vs. 2.88%, aOR 1.95 (95% CI 1.79-2.12, p < 0.001)), and acute kidney injury requiring hemodialysis (5.56% vs. 2.94%, aOR 1.92 (95% CI 1.77-2.09, p < 0.001)). Moreover, patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction had higher rates of in-hospital mortality (26.87% vs. 24.5%, adjusted OR 1.26 (95% CI 1.16-1.36, p < 0.001)) with increased incidence of vasopressor use, sudden cardiac arrest, and cardiogenic shock as compared to patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Furthermore, elderly patients and patients with African-American and Hispanic descents had higher in-hospital mortality. Acute CHF with COVID-19 is associated with higher in-hospital mortality, vasopressor use, mechanical ventilation, and end organ dysfunction such as kidney failure and cardiac arrest.

Trends in Hospitalization and Mortality for Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States.

Seasonal epidemics of respiratory viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), and human metapneumovirus (MPV) are associated with a significant healthcare burden secondary to hundreds of thousands of hospitalizations every year in the United States (US) alone. Preventive measures implemented to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 infection), including facemasks, hand hygiene, stay-at-home orders, and closure of schools and local/national borders may have impacted the transmission of these respiratory viruses. In this study, we looked at the hospitalization and mortality trends for various respiratory viral infections from January 2017 to December 2020. We found a strong reduction in all viral respiratory infections, with the lowest admission rates and mortality in the last season (2020) compared to the corresponding months from the past three years (2017-2019). This study highlights the importance of public health interventions implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic, which had far-reaching public health benefits. Appropriate and timely use of these measures may help to reduce the severity of future seasonal respiratory viral outbreaks as well as their burden on already strained healthcare systems.

COVID-19 and Acute Ischemic Stroke Mortality and Clinical Outcomes among Hospitalized Patients in the United States: Insight from National Inpatient Sample.

Coronavirus-19, primarily a respiratory virus, also affects the nervous system. Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a well-known complication among COVID-19 infections, but large-scale studies evaluating AIS outcomes related to COVID-19 infection remain limited. We used the National Inpatient Sample database to compare acute ischemic stroke patients with and without COVID-19. A total of 329,240 patients were included in the study: acute ischemic stroke with COVID-19 (n = 6665, 2.0%) and acute ischemic stroke without COVID-19 (n = 322,575, 98.0%). The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included mechanical ventilation, vasopressor use, mechanical thrombectomy, thrombolysis, seizure, acute venous thromboembolism, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, septic shock, acute kidney injury requiring hemodialysis, length of stay, mean total hospitalization charge, and disposition. Acute ischemic stroke patients who were COVID-19-positive had significantly increased in-hospital mortality compared to acute ischemic stroke patients without COVID-19 (16.9% vs. 4.1%, aOR: 2.5 [95% CI 1.7-3.6], p < 0.001). This cohort also had significantly increased mechanical ventilation use, acute venous thromboembolism, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, septic shock, acute kidney injury, length of stay, and mean total hospitalization charge. Further research regarding vaccination and therapies will be vital in reducing worse outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke and COVID-19.

Nationwide Analysis of the Clinical Outcomes of Patients Admitted With COVID-19 Infection With Myocarditis and Racial Disparities in Mortality.

Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19), while primarily a respiratory virus, affects multiple organ systems, including the cardiovascular system. The relationship between COVID-19 and Myocarditis has been well established, but there are limited large-scale studies evaluating outcome of COVID-19 related Myocarditis. Using National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, we compared patients with Myocarditis with and without COVID-19 infection. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were acute kidney injury requiring hemodialysis, vasopressor use, mechanical ventilation, cardiogenic shock, mechanical circulatory support, sudden cardiac arrest, and length of hospitalization. A total of 17,970 patients were included in study; Myocarditis without COVID (n = 11,515, 64%) and Myocarditis with COVID-19 (n = 6,455, 36%). Patients with COVID-19 and Myocarditis had higher in-hospital mortality compared to those with Myocarditis alone (30.7% vs 6.4%, odds ratio 4.8, 95% CI 3.7-6.3, P< 0.001). That cohort also had significantly higher rates of vasopressor use, mechanical ventilation, sudden cardiac arrest, and acute kidney injury requiring hemodialysis. Given the poor outcome seen in COVID-19 related Myocarditis cohort, further work is needed for development of directed therapies for COVID-19-related Myocarditis.

Risk of New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus as a Post-COVID-19 Condition and Possible Mechanisms: A Scoping Review.

Long-term effects of COVID-19 are becoming more apparent even as the severity of acute infection is decreasing due to vaccinations and treatment. In this scoping review, we explored the current literature for the relationship between COVID-19 infection and new-onset diabetes mellitus four weeks after acute infection. We systematically searched the peer-reviewed literature published in English between 1 January 2020 and 31 August 2022 to study the risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus post-COVID-19 infection. This scoping review yielded 11 articles based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Except for one, all studies suggested an increased risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus 4 weeks after acute infection. This risk appears most in the first six months after the acute COVID-19 infection and seems to increase in a graded fashion based on the severity of the initial COVID-19 infection. Our review suggests a possible association of new-onset diabetes mellitus 4 weeks after acute COVID-19 infection. Since the severity of COVID-19 infection is associated with the development of post-infectious diabetes, vaccination that reduces the severity of acute COVID-19 infection might help to reduce the risk of post-COVID-19 diabetes mellitus. More studies are needed to better understand and quantify the association of post-COVID-19 conditions with diabetes and the role of vaccination in influencing it.

Paxlovid (Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir) Use in Pregnant and Lactating Woman: Current Evidence and Practice Guidelines-A Scoping Review.

COVID-19 virus, since the detection of the first case in Wuhan in 2019, has caused a worldwide pandemic with significant human, economic and social costs. Fortunately, several vaccines and treatments, both IV and oral, are currently approved against the COVID-19 virus. Paxlovid is an oral treatment option for patients with mild-to-moderate disease, and it effectively reduces disease severity in high-risk patients. Paxlovid is an oral antiviral that consists of a combination of nirmatrelvir and ritonavi. As an oral medication suitable for outpatient treatment, it reduces the cost, hospitalization and mortality associated with COVID-19 infection. The pregnant population is a high-risk category for COVID-19 disease. Given their exclusion in clinical trials, there is limited data regarding Paxlovid use in pregnant and lactating women. Indirect evidence from ritonavir use as part of HAART therapy in the pregnant and lactating population with HIV has shown no significant teratogenicity. Moreover, animal studies on the use of nirmatrelvir do not suggest teratogenicity. This article summarizes the available data on ritonavir and nirmatrelvir use during pregnancy and in ongoing clinical trials. We also review the recommendations of major societies worldwide regarding Paxlovid use in pregnant and breastfeeding patients.

Impact of COVID-19 on Patients Hospitalized with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in the United States during the Early Pandemic: An Analysis of Outcomes, Care Delivery, and Racial Disparities in Mortality.

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted healthcare delivery to patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The aim of our retrospective study was to determine the effect of COVID-19 on inpatient STEMI outcomes and to investigate changes in cardiac care delivery during 2020. We utilized the National Inpatient Sample database to examine inpatient mortality and cardiac procedures among STEMI patients with and without COVID-19. In our study, STEMI patients with COVID-19 had higher inpatient mortality (47.4% vs. 11.2%, aOR: 3.8, 95% CI: 3.2−4.6, p < 0.001), increased length of stay (9.0 days vs. 4.3 days, p < 0.001) and higher cost of hospitalization (USD 172,518 vs. USD 131,841, p = 0.004) when compared to STEMI patients without COVID-19. STEMI patients with COVID-19 also received significantly less invasive cardiac procedures (coronary angiograms: 30.4% vs. 50.8%, p < 0.001; PCI: 32.9% vs. 70.1%, p < 0.001; CABG: 0.9% vs. 4.1%, p < 0.001) and were more likely to receive systemic thrombolytic therapy (4.2% vs. 1.1%, p < 0.001) when compared to STEMI patients without COVID-19. Our findings are the result of complications of SARS-CoV2 infection as well as alterations in healthcare delivery due to the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic.

COVID-19 and Influenza Coinfection Outcomes among Hospitalized Patients in the United States: A Propensity Matched Analysis of National Inpatient Sample.

This study aims to provide comparative data on clinical features and in-hospital outcomes among U.S. adults admitted to the hospital with COVID-19 and influenza infection using a nationwide inpatient sample (N.I.S.) data 2020. Data were collected on patient characteristics and in-hospital outcomes, including patient's age, race, sex, insurance status, median income, length of stay, mortality, hospitalization cost, comorbidities, mechanical ventilation, and vasopressor support. Additional analysis was performed using propensity matching. In propensity-matched cohort analysis, influenza-positive (and COVID-positive) patients had higher mean hospitalization cost (USD 129,742 vs. USD 68,878, p = 0.04) and total length of stay (9.9 days vs. 8.2 days, p = 0.01), higher odds of needing mechanical ventilation (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.19-3.39), and higher in-hospital mortality (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.03-4.24) relative to the COVID-positive and influenza-negative cohort. In conclusion, COVID-positive and influenza-negative patients had lower hospital charges, shorter hospital stays, and overall lower mortality, thereby supporting the use of the influenza vaccine in COVID-positive patients.

COVID-19 Associated Myocarditis Clinical Outcomes among Hospitalized Patients in the United States: A Propensity Matched Analysis of National Inpatient Sample.

Coronavirus-19 (COVID-19), preliminarily a respiratory virus, can affect multiple organs, including the heart. Myocarditis is a well-known complication among COVID-19 infections, with limited large-scale studies evaluating outcomes associated with COVID-19-related Myocarditis. We used the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database to compare COVID-19 patients with and without Myocarditis. A total of 1,659,040 patients were included in the study: COVID-19 with Myocarditis (n = 6,455, 0.4%) and COVID-19 without Myocarditis (n = 1,652,585, 99.6%). The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included mechanical ventilation, vasopressor use, sudden cardiac arrest, cardiogenic shock, acute kidney injury requiring hemodialysis, length of stay, health care utilization costs, and disposition. We conducted a secondary analysis with propensity matching to confirm results obtained by traditional multivariate analysis. COVID-19 patients with Myocarditis had significantly higher in-hospital mortality compared to COVID-19 patients without Myocarditis (30.5% vs. 13.1%, adjusted OR: 3 [95% CI 2.1-4.2], p < 0.001). This cohort also had significantly increased cardiogenic shock, acute kidney injury requiring hemodialysis, sudden cardiac death, required more mechanical ventilation and vasopressor support and higher hospitalization cost. Vaccination and more research for treatment strategies will be critical for reducing worse outcomes in patients with COVID-19-related Myocarditis.

COVID-19 and Pulmonary Embolism Outcomes among Hospitalized Patients in the United States: A Propensity-Matched Analysis of National Inpatient Sample.

Venous thromboembolism, in particular, pulmonary embolism (PE), is a significant contributor to the morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19. In this study, we utilized the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database 2020 to evaluate and compare clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 with and without PE. Our sample includes 1,659,040 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia between January 2020 and December 2020. We performed propensity-matched analysis for patient characteristics and in-hospital outcomes, including the patient's age, race, sex, insurance status, median income, length of stay, mortality, hospitalization cost, comorbidities, mechanical ventilation, and vasopressor support. Patients with COVID-19 with PE had a higher need for mechanical ventilation (25.7% vs. 15.6%, adjusted odds ratio 1.4, 95% CI 1.4−1.5, p < 0.001), the vasopressor requirement (5.4% vs. 2.6%, adjusted OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.4−1.8, p < 0.001), longer hospital stays (10.8 vs. 7.9 days, p < 0.001), and overall higher in-hospital mortality (19.1 vs. 13.9%, adjusted OR of 1.3, 95% CI 1.1−1.5, p < 0.001). This study highlights the need for more aggressive management of PE in COVID-19-positive patients with the aim to improve early diagnosis and treatment to reduce morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs seen in the synchronous COVID-19 and PE-positive patients.

COVID-19 Alcoholic Cirrhosis and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis Cirrhosis Outcomes among Hospitalized Patients in the United States: Insight from National Inpatient Sample Database.

Patients with co-morbidities like cirrhosis are at risk of worse outcome from COVID-19 infection. Given limited prior studies, we evaluated outcomes associated with COVID-19 infection in alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis cirrhotic (CC+) versus cirrhotic without COVID-19 (CC−). We performed retrospective analysis of 822,604 patients including 28,610 COVID-19 patients from the National Inpatient Sample database with alcoholic and NASH cirrhosis enrolled between 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2020, with univariate and multivariate regression analyses. Primary outcome was mortality and secondary outcomes was mechanical ventilation, vasopressor use, length of stay, hospitalization expense and predictors of mortality. In-hospital mortality was three time higher in the CC+ group compared to those in the CC− group(18.6% vs. 5.96%, p < 0.001, adjusted odds ratio (OR)3.39 (95% 3.08−3.74 CI). Hospitalization was more likely for underrepresented racial and ethnic groups with COVID-19 and cirrhosis. CC+ group had over twice the rates of mechanical ventilation (19.92% vs. 9.07%, adjusted OR 2.71 2.71 (95% 2.51−2.93 CI)),1.7 times likelihood of receiving vasopressors (4.12% vs. 2.45%, p < 0.001, adjusted OR 1.71 (95% CI 1.46−2.01). COVID-19 is associated with increased mortality in patients with alcoholic and NASH cirrhosis, and patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and COVID-19 have a slightly higher mortality compared to NASH cirrhosis.

Gender and Race-Based Health Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes among Hospitalized Patients in the United States: A Retrospective Analysis of a National Sample.

COVID-19 has brought the disparities in health outcomes for patients to the forefront. Racial and gender identity are associated with prevalent healthcare disparities. In this study, we examine the health disparities in COVID-19 hospitalization outcome from the intersectional lens of racial and gender identity. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) 2020 NIS dataset for hospitalizations from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2020 was analyzed for primary outcome of in-patient mortality and secondary outcomes of intubation, acute kidney injury (AKI), AKI requiring hemodialysis (HD), cardiac arrest, stroke, and vasopressor use. A multivariate regression model was used to identify associations. A p value of <0.05 was considered significant. Men had higher rates of adverse outcomes. Native American men had the highest risk of in-hospital mortality (aOR 2.0, CI 1.7−2.4) and intubation (aOR 1.8, CI 1.5−2.1), Black men had highest risk of AKI (aOR 2.0, CI 1.9−2.0). Stroke risk was highest in Asian/Pacific Islander women (aOR 1.5, p = 0.001). We note that the intersection of gender and racial identities has a significant impact on outcomes of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in the United States with Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) men have higher risks of adverse outcomes.

COVID-19 and NSTEMI Outcomes among Hospitalized Patients in the United States and Racial Disparities in Mortality: Insight from National Inpatient Sample Database.

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted healthcare delivery to patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infraction (NSTEMI). The aim of our retrospective study is to determine the effect of COVID-19 on inpatient NSTEMI outcomes and to investigate whether changes in cardiac care contributed to the observed outcomes. After multivariate adjustment, we found that NSTEMI patients with COVID-19 had a higher rate of inpatient mortality (37.3% vs. 7.3%, adjusted odds ratio: 4.96, 95% CI: 4.6−5.4, p < 0.001), increased length of stay (9.9 days vs. 5.4 days, adjusted LOS: 3.6 days longer, p < 0.001), and a higher cost of hospitalization (150,000 USD vs. 110,000 USD, inflation-adjusted cost of hospitalization: 36,000 USD higher, p < 0.001) in comparison to NSTEMI patients without COVID-19, despite a lower burden of pre-existing cardiac comorbidity. NSTEMI patients with COVID-19 also received less invasive cardiac procedures (coronary angiography: 8.7% vs. 50.3%, p < 0.001; PCI: 4.8% vs. 29%, p < 0.001; and CABG: 0.7% vs. 6.2%, p < 0.001). In our study, we observed increased mortality and in-hospital complications to be a combined effect of COVID-19 infection and myocardial inflammation as a result of cytokine storm, prothrombic state, oxygen supply/demand imbalance and alterations in healthcare delivery from January to December 2020.

Impact of COVID-19 on the Changing Patterns of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections.

Seasonal epidemics of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of hospitalization and mortality among children. Preventive measures implemented to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2, including facemasks, stay-at-home orders, closure of schools and local-national borders, and hand hygiene, may have also prevented the transmission of RSV and influenza. However, with the easing of COVID-19 imposed restrictions, many regions are noticing a delayed RSV outbreak. Some of these regions have also noted an increase in severity of these delayed RSV outbreaks partly due to a lack of protective immunity in the community following a lack of exposure from the previous season. Lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic can be implemented for controlling RSV outbreaks, including: (1) measures to reduce the spread, (2) effective vaccine development, and (3) genomic surveillance tools and computational modeling to predict the timing and severity of RSV outbreaks. These measures can help reduce the severity and prepare the health care system to deal with future RSV outbreaks by appropriate and timely allocation of health care resources.

Mix-and-Match COVID-19 Vaccinations (Heterologous Boost): A Review.

Various safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines utilizing different platforms (mRNA, adenovirus vector, inactivated virus-based) are available against SARS-CoV-2 infection. A prime-boost regimen (administration of two doses) is recommended to induce an adequate and sustained immune response. Most of these vaccines follow a homologous regimen (the same type of vaccine as priming and booster doses). However, there is a growing interest in a heterologous prime-boost vaccination regimen to potentially help address concerns posed by fluctuating vaccine supplies, serious adverse effects (anaphylaxis and thromboembolic episodes following adenovirus-based vaccines), new emerging virulent strains, inadequate immune response in immunocompromised individuals, and waning immunity. Various studies have demonstrated that heterologous prime-boost vaccination may induce comparable or higher antibody (spike protein) titers and a similar reactogenicity profile to the homologous prime-boost regimen. Based on these considerations, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention has issued guidance supporting the "mix-and-match" heterologous boost COVID-19 vaccine strategy.

COVID-19 and the Endocrine System: A Review of the Current Information and Misinformation.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection primarily involves the respiratory system but has many noteworthy extra pulmonary manifestations as well. We write this review to highlight the basis of some pathophysiological mechanisms of COVID-19 infection-induced endocrine dysfunction. Different scientific databases and institutional websites were searched to collect and consolidate the most up-to-date data relating to COVID-19 infection and endocrine systems. Hypopituitarism, central diabetes insipidus, SIADH, thyroid abnormalities, hyperglycemia, adrenal insufficiency, orchitis and alteration in sperm morphology have been reported in case reports of patients with COVID-19 infection. Data focusing on COVID-19 vaccination was also searched to summarize the effect, if any, on the endocrine system. Endocrinopathies noted post COVID-19 vaccination, including cases of adrenal hemorrhage, new onset Type II Diabetes Mellitus and subacute thyroiditis, are also discussed in this review. This review calls attention to the misinformation relating to COVID-19 vaccination with supposed endocrine effects such as infertility and problems with pregnancy. Rebutting these misconceptions can help increase compliance and maximize COVID-19 vaccination to the public.